Biomarkers · Nutritional
Serum Cotinine
Lower values carry lower risk. In NHANES 1999–2018 with linked mortality to 2019, each standard deviation is associated with a hazard ratio of 1.41. Reproduces in NHANES
NHANES, our fit with 95% CIPublished curve
Hazard ratios relative to each curve's own reference value, so the two curves need not cross 1 at the same point. The dotted vertical line marks the NHANES median.
NHANES hazard per SD1.4195% CI 1.37–1.46 · 27,994 adults, 3,712 deaths
Published hazard ratio2.10top vs bottom quarter (95% CI 1.82–2.42) · NHANES 1999-2010 cotinine mortality linkage
Where people sit
Population percentiles (ng/mL) by sex and age band. Cycle or source as recorded in the catalogue.
| Sex | Age | 5th | 25th | Median | 75th | 95th | n | Cycle / source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 20-39 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.80 | 230 | 50,000 | Caron KT, Zhu W, Berne… |
| All | 40-59 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.70 | 225 | 50,000 | Caron KT, Zhu W, Berne… |
| All | 60+ | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 150 | 50,000 | Caron KT, Zhu W, Berne… |
| All | all | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.60 | 220 | 50,000 | Caron KT, Zhu W, Berne… |
| Men | all | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 1.50 | 240 | 50,000 | Caron KT, Zhu W, Berne… |
| Women | all | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 200 | 50,000 | Caron KT, Zhu W, Berne… |
Sources
- Hazard curve: Step-like piecewise: HR=1 for nonsmoker range (<3.3 ng/mL, Benowitz cut-point), rising linearly in log-HR to the catalogued smoker vs nonsmoker HR 2.1 at 150 ng/mL (typical daily smoker). Replaces a log_log curve that was flat because a 1-SD shift (62 ng/mL) is meaningless for the nonsmoker-dominated mixture.
- Peto MV, et al. MortalityPredictors.org: a manually-curated database of published results from longitudinal studies of mortality risk factors. Aging (Albany NY). 2017;9(9):1965-1983.
- Empirical curve: our Cox model with age and sex, NHANES 1999–2018 with linked mortality to 2019.