Biomarkers
Every axis of the landscape.
238 biomarkers, each with an all-cause mortality hazard curve from published cohorts. 56 are also checked against our own fit in NHANES.
| Biomarker | Category | Shape | NHANES HR per SD | In NHANES | Interventions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | Oxidative Stress | Lower better | No | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Calcification (AAC) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Absolute Lymphocyte Count | Hematology | U-shaped | 0.96 | Yes | |
| Absolute Neutrophil Count | Hematology | Lower better | 1.24 | Yes | |
| Adiponectin | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | No | ||
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | Liver & Nutritional | U-shaped | 0.90 | Yes | 6 |
| Albumin-Adjusted Anion Gap | Electrolytes & Minerals | Lower better | No | ||
| Albumin:Globulin Ratio (A/G) | Liver & Nutritional | Higher better | 0.76 | Yes | |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | Liver & Nutritional | Lower better | 1.25 | Yes | 5 |
| Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin (AACT) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Alpha-1-Antitrypsin (AAT) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Alpha-1-Microglobulin | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | ||
| Alpha-Klotho | Aging & Senescence | Higher better | No | ||
| Angiopoietin-2 | Coagulation | Lower better | No | ||
| Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | U-shaped | No | ||
| Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) | Inflammation | Higher better | No | ||
| Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Higher better | No | 5 | |
| Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Lower better | 0.95 | Yes | 6 |
| Apolipoprotein B to A1 Ratio (ApoB/ApoA1) | Cardiometabolic | Lower better | No | ||
| Appendicular Lean Mass / Sarcopenia Index | Anthropometric | Higher better | No | ||
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | Liver & Nutritional | Lower better | 1.06 | Yes | 5 |
| Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) | Cardiometabolic | Lower better | No | ||
| Basal Metabolic Rate | Anthropometric | U-shaped | No | ||
| Basophil Count | Hematology | Lower better | No | ||
| Beta-2 Microglobulin | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | ||
| Beta-Trace Protein (BTP) | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | ||
| Blood Lead | Electrolytes & Minerals | Lower better | No | ||
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | Renal & Purine | Lower better | 1.18 | Yes | 5 |
| Body Fat Percentage | Anthropometric | U-shaped | No | ||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Anthropometric | U-shaped | 1.03 | Yes | |
| Body Weight | Anthropometric | U-shaped | 1.03 | Yes | |
| Bone Mineral Density T-score (DXA) | Bone & Mineral | Higher better | No | ||
| Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation (Heel) | Bone & Mineral | U-shaped | No | ||
| C-Terminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTX) | Bone & Mineral | Lower better | No | ||
| C-peptide | Vitamins & Endocrine | U-shaped | No | ||
| CD4:CD8 T-Cell Ratio | Inflammation | U-shaped | No | ||
| CD8+ T-Cell Count | Inflammation | U-shaped | No | ||
| Calf Circumference | Anthropometric | Higher better | No | ||
| Cardiac (Valvular/Annular) Calcification | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Cardiorespiratory Fitness (VO2 Max) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | 6 | |
| Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 6 | |
| Chronotropic Index | Functional Fitness | U-shaped | No | ||
| Coagulation Factor VIII | Coagulation | Lower better | No | ||
| Coagulation Factor VIIc | Coagulation | Lower better | No | ||
| Copeptin | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Coronary Artery Calcium Score (Agatston) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Corrected QT Interval (QTc) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| D-dimer | Coagulation | Lower better | No | ||
| DNA Methylation Age Acceleration (PhenoAge/GrimAge) | Aging & Senescence | Lower better | No | ||
| Daily Step Count | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| De Ritis Ratio (AST/ALT) | Liver & Nutritional | Lower better | 1.24 | Yes | |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S) | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | No | ||
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | U-shaped | 0.96 | Yes | 5 |
| Eosinophil Count | Hematology | Higher better | 1.04 | Yes | |
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 6 | |
| Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) | Renal & Purine | Higher better | 0.76 | Yes | 6 |
| Estradiol (17beta-Estradiol) | Endocrine | U-shaped | No | ||
| Estradiol-to-SHBG Ratio | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | No | ||
| Exercise Capacity (METs) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| Extracoronary Calcification Site Count | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| FEV1/FEV6 Ratio | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| FIB-4 Index (NAFLD Fibrosis Score) | Liver & Nutritional | Lower better | No | ||
| Fasting Plasma Glucose | Glycemic & Metabolic | U-shaped | 1.18 | Yes | 9 |
| Fasting Serum Insulin | Glycemic & Metabolic | Lower better | 1.06 | Yes | 6 |
| Fat Mass | Anthropometric | U-shaped | No | ||
| Fat-Free Mass | Anthropometric | Lower better | No | ||
| Fibrinogen | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 6 | |
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | Endocrine | U-shaped | No | ||
| Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| Free Triiodothyronine (Free T3) | Vitamins & Endocrine | U-shaped | No | ||
| Gait Speed | Anthropometric | Higher better | No | ||
| Galectin-3 | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | Liver & Nutritional | Lower better | 1.26 | Yes | 6 |
| Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) | Glycemic & Metabolic | U-shaped | 1.18 | Yes | 7 |
| Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Growth Hormone (GH) | Endocrine | U-shaped | No | ||
| HDL Cholesterol | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | U-shaped | 0.95 | Yes | 6 |
| Heart Rate Recovery (1 min) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| Heart Rate Variability (SDNN) | Autonomic | Higher better | No | ||
| Heart-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (H-FABP) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Hematocrit | Hematology | U-shaped | No | ||
| Hemoglobin Concentration | Hematology | U-shaped | 0.80 | Yes | 6 |
| High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) | Inflammation | Lower better | 1.30 | Yes | 11 |
| High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I (hs-cTnI) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T (hs-cTnT) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 6 | |
| Hip Circumference | Anthropometric | Lower better | No | ||
| Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) | Glycemic & Metabolic | Lower better | 1.11 | Yes | 6 |
| Homoarginine | Cardiometabolic | Higher better | No | ||
| Homocysteine | Metabolic | Lower better | No | ||
| Immature Reticulocyte Fraction | Hematology | Lower better | No | ||
| Immunoglobulin A (IgA) | Inflammation | U-shaped | No | ||
| Immunoglobulin G (IgG) | Inflammation | U-shaped | No | ||
| Immunoglobulin M (IgM) | Inflammation | U-shaped | No | ||
| Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) | Vitamins & Endocrine | U-shaped | No | ||
| Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Interleukin-10 (IL-10) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Interleukin-18 (IL-18) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 6 | |
| Interleukin-8 (IL-8) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Interventricular Septum Thickness | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | ||
| LDL Cholesterol | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Lower better | 0.89 | Yes | 7 |
| Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction Grade | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Higher better | No | ||
| Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Leukocyte Telomere Length | Aging & Senescence | Higher better | No | ||
| Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) | Cardiometabolic | Lower better | No | ||
| Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Lower better | No | 6 | |
| Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) | Cardiometabolic | Lower better | No | ||
| Lymphocyte Percentage | Hematology | Higher better | 0.82 | Yes | |
| Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio (LMR) | Inflammation | Higher better | No | ||
| Maximal Grip Strength | Functional Fitness | Higher better | 0.47 | Yes | 6 |
| Mean Arterial Pressure | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | 1.01 | Yes | |
| Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) | Hematology | U-shaped | 1.06 | Yes | |
| Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) | Hematology | U-shaped | No | ||
| Mean Reticulocyte Volume | Hematology | U-shaped | No | ||
| Mean Sphered Cell Volume | Hematology | U-shaped | No | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome (Harmonized Definition) | Cardiometabolic | Higher better | No | ||
| Mid-Regional Pro-Adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference | Anthropometric | U-shaped | No | ||
| Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number | Aging & Senescence | U-shaped | No | ||
| Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1 / CCL2) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Monocyte Count | Hematology | Lower better | No | ||
| Monocyte Percentage | Hematology | Lower better | 1.00 | Yes | |
| Myeloperoxidase (MPO) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | 6 | |
| Neopterin | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL) | Neuro | Lower better | No | ||
| Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | ||
| Neutrophil Percentage | Hematology | Lower better | 1.19 | Yes | |
| Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) | Inflammation | Lower better | 1.22 | Yes | 6 |
| Non-HDL Cholesterol | Cardiometabolic | Lower better | 0.93 | Yes | |
| Orthostatic Blood Pressure Drop | Autonomic | Lower better | No | ||
| Osteocalcin | Bone & Mineral | Lower better | No | ||
| Osteoprotegerin (OPG) | Bone & Mineral | Lower better | No | ||
| PR Interval | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | U-shaped | No | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | Bone & Mineral | U-shaped | No | ||
| Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Pericardial Fat Volume | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4) | Oxidative Stress | Lower better | No | ||
| Plasma Viscosity | Coagulation | Lower better | No | ||
| Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) | Coagulation | Lower better | No | ||
| Platelet Count | Hematology | U-shaped | 0.99 | Yes | 5 |
| Platelet Distribution Width | Hematology | Lower better | No | ||
| Plateletcrit (PCT) | Hematology | U-shaped | No | ||
| Predicted Mass (UKB Impedance) | Anthropometric | U-shaped | No | ||
| Procalcitonin | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Proinsulin | Glycemic & Metabolic | Lower better | No | ||
| Prolactin | Endocrine | Lower better | No | ||
| Proteinuria (Dipstick) | Urine Biomarkers | Higher better | No | ||
| Pulse Pressure | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | 1.11 | Yes | |
| QRS Duration | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| QRS-T Angle | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| QT Interval | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Red Blood Cell Count | Hematology | U-shaped | 0.83 | Yes | |
| Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) | Hematology | Lower better | 1.40 | Yes | 7 |
| Remnant Cholesterol | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Lower better | No | ||
| Renal Artery Calcification | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | ||
| Resting Heart Rate (RHR) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | 1.21 | Yes | 6 |
| Reticulocyte Count (Absolute) | Hematology | Lower better | No | ||
| Reticulocyte Percentage | Hematology | Lower better | No | ||
| Rheumatoid Factor | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| ST2 Soluble (sST2) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | 0.84 | Yes | 7 |
| Serum Albumin | Liver & Nutritional | Higher better | 0.72 | Yes | 7 |
| Serum Bicarbonate | Electrolytes & Minerals | Higher better | No | ||
| Serum Calcium | Electrolytes & Minerals | U-shaped | 0.95 | Yes | 5 |
| Serum Chloride | Electrolytes & Minerals | U-shaped | No | ||
| Serum Citrate | Metabolic | U-shaped | No | ||
| Serum Cortisol | Vitamins & Endocrine | U-shaped | No | ||
| Serum Cotinine | Nutritional | Lower better | 1.41 | Yes | |
| Serum Creatinine | Renal & Purine | U-shaped | 1.25 | Yes | 6 |
| Serum Cystatin C | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | 6 | |
| Serum Ferritin | Inflammation | U-shaped | 1.09 | Yes | 6 |
| Serum Folate | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | No | ||
| Serum Iron | Hematology | U-shaped | 0.88 | Yes | |
| Serum Leptin | Endocrine | Lower better | No | ||
| Serum Lutein + Zeaxanthin | Nutritional | Higher better | No | ||
| Serum Lycopene | Nutritional | Higher better | No | ||
| Serum Magnesium | Electrolytes & Minerals | U-shaped | No | ||
| Serum Phosphate | Electrolytes & Minerals | Lower better | 1.09 | Yes | 5 |
| Serum Potassium | Electrolytes & Minerals | U-shaped | 1.11 | Yes | 6 |
| Serum Selenium | Electrolytes & Minerals | U-shaped | No | ||
| Serum Sodium | Electrolytes & Minerals | U-shaped | 0.91 | Yes | 6 |
| Serum Total Bilirubin | Liver & Nutritional | U-shaped | 0.92 | Yes | 6 |
| Serum Triglycerides | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | Lower better | 1.06 | Yes | 6 |
| Serum Uric Acid | Renal & Purine | Lower better | 1.16 | Yes | 7 |
| Serum Vitamin A (Retinol) | Nutritional | U-shaped | No | ||
| Serum Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) | Nutritional | Higher better | No | ||
| Serum Zinc | Electrolytes & Minerals | U-shaped | No | ||
| Serum beta-Cryptoxanthin | Nutritional | Higher better | No | ||
| Serum trans-Lycopene | Nutritional | Higher better | No | ||
| Side-Step Test Score | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| Sit-Up Count (Timed) | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| Sitting Height (Rump-to-Crown) | Anthropometric | Lower better | No | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Fat Infiltration | Anthropometric | Lower better | No | ||
| Skinfold Thickness | Anthropometric | Lower better | No | ||
| Soluble CD14 (sCD14) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Soluble CD163 (sCD163) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) | Coagulation | Lower better | No | ||
| Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 (sTNFR1) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Standing Height | Anthropometric | U-shaped | 1.01 | Yes | |
| Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) | Inflammation | U-shaped | No | ||
| Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA) | Renal & Purine | Lower better | No | ||
| Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | 1.08 | Yes | 7 |
| Testosterone-to-SHBG Ratio | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | No | ||
| Thoracic Aorta Calcification (TAC) | Cardiac & Hemodynamics | Lower better | No | ||
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Vitamins & Endocrine | U-shaped | No | ||
| Thyroxine (Total T4) | Endocrine | U-shaped | No | ||
| Total Body Water Mass | Anthropometric | U-shaped | No | ||
| Total Cholesterol | Lipids & Apolipoproteins | U-shaped | 0.91 | Yes | 5 |
| Total Plasma Thiols | Oxidative Stress | Higher better | No | ||
| Total Protein | Liver & Nutritional | Higher better | No | ||
| Total T-Cell Count | Inflammation | U-shaped | No | ||
| Total Testosterone | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | No | ||
| Transferrin Saturation | Hematology | U-shaped | No | ||
| Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) | Cardiometabolic | Lower better | No | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | 6 | |
| Urinary Creatinine Concentration | Urine Biomarkers | Higher better | No | 5 | |
| Urinary Flow Rate | Urine Biomarkers | U-shaped | No | 5 | |
| Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (uACR) | Urine Biomarkers | Lower better | 1.40 | Yes | 6 |
| Urine Specific Gravity | Urine Biomarkers | U-shaped | No | 6 | |
| Vertical Jump Height | Functional Fitness | Higher better | No | ||
| Visceral Fat Mass | Anthropometric | Lower better | No | ||
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | No | ||
| Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol) | Vitamins & Endocrine | Higher better | No | ||
| Waist Circumference | Anthropometric | Lower better | 1.09 | Yes | |
| Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) | Anthropometric | Lower better | 1.09 | Yes | |
| Waist-to-Hip Ratio | Anthropometric | Lower better | No | ||
| Waist-to-Thigh Ratio | Anthropometric | Lower better | No | ||
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC) | Hematology | Lower better | 1.20 | Yes | 6 |
| YKL-40 (CHI3L1) | Inflammation | Lower better | No | ||
| von Willebrand Factor (vWF) | Coagulation | Lower better | No |
Shape is the direction of the published association. The NHANES hazard ratio is per standard deviation, adjusted for age and sex.
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Know a published biomarker–mortality association we are missing, or a better one? Send it and we will review it for the catalogue.