Biomarkers · Cardiac & Hemodynamics
Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV)
Lower values carry lower risk. Not measured in our NHANES panel; the curve is synthesised from the published association.
Hazard ratio relative to the curve's reference value, as synthesised from the published association.
Published hazard ratio1.35per SD (95% CI 1.24–1.47) · Arterial Stiffness Meta-Analysis (17 Prospective Studies)
Where people sit
Population percentiles (m/s) by sex and age band. Cycle or source as recorded in the catalogue.
| Sex | Age | 5th | 25th | Median | 75th | 95th | n | Cycle / source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 20-39 | 4.80 | 5.60 | 6.30 | 7.20 | 8.80 | 1,580 | Calibrated Reference |
| All | 40-59 | 5.60 | 6.80 | 7.80 | 9.20 | 11.5 | 1,560 | Calibrated Reference |
| All | 60+ | 7.20 | 8.80 | 10.4 | 12.4 | 16.2 | 1,660 | Calibrated Reference |
| All | all | 5.40 | 6.80 | 8.00 | 9.60 | 13.2 | 4,800 | Calibrated Reference |
| Men | all | 5.50 | 7.00 | 8.20 | 9.90 | 13.6 | 2,350 | Calibrated Reference |
| Women | all | 5.30 | 6.60 | 7.80 | 9.30 | 12.8 | 2,450 | Calibrated Reference |
What studies found when this marker was changed
Effects on the biomarker reported in the cited studies. They describe what happened in those populations, not a recommendation for anyone. See all catalogued interventions.
| Type | Intervention | Reported effect | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| behavioral | Chronic heavy cigarette smoking | +1.0 to +2.5 m/s elevation via elastin degradation | meta-analysis | Vlachopoulos C, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1318-1327. |
| clinical | Advanced vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease / diabetes | +2.5 to +6.0 m/s elevation (>10.0 m/s, high CV event risk) | prospective cohort | Blacher J, et al. Circulation. 1999;99:2434-2439. |
| diet | Dietary sodium restriction and dietary nitrate / polyphenol supplementation | -0.5 to -1.0 m/s reduction | rct | Juraschek SP, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:2748-2757. |
| exercise | Lifelong aerobic endurance exercise and blood pressure control | Lowers cfPWV by 1.0-2.0 m/s (equivalent to 10-15 years younger vascular age) | meta-analysis | Rapsomaniki E, et al. Blood pressure and risk of vascular disease: 1.25 million … |
| exercise | Long-term aerobic endurance and cycling / running exercise | -0.8 to -1.8 m/s reduction in arterial stiffness | meta-analysis | Ashor AW, et al. Sports Med. 2014;44:1773-1788. |
| pharmacologic | RAAS inhibitor therapy (ACE inhibitors / ARBs) | -0.7 to -1.5 m/s reduction via vascular remodeling | meta-analysis | Ong KT, et al. J Hypertens. 2011;29:1439-1449. |
Sources
- Hazard curve: J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:1318
- Vlachopoulos C, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1318-1327.
Map Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) against another biomarker.